Summary of Use during Lactation

Vitamin C is a normal component of human milk and is a key milk antioxidant. The recommended vitamin C intake in lactating women is 120 mg daily, and for infants aged 6 months or less is 40 mg daily.[1] High daily doses up to 1000 mg increase milk levels, but not enough to cause a health concern for the breastfed infant and is not a reason to discontinue breastfeeding. Nursing mothers may need to supplement their diet to achieve the recommended intake or to correct a known deficiency. Maternal doses of vitamin C in prenatal vitamins at or near the recommended intake do not alter milk levels.

Donor milk subjected to Holder pasteurization (62.5 degrees C for 30 minutes) has lower vitamin C levels than levels reported in fresh milk and lower than unpasteurized milk.[2-4] Holder pasteurization does not reduce biochemical signals of donor milk lipid oxidation status.[3] However, the relative antioxidant contribution of donor milk vitamin C content compared to vitamin E after pasteurization has not been studied. The flash-heat method of treating breastmilk to reduce HIV transmission (placing a container of expressed milk in a water bath and brining the water to a rolling boil) does not change the milk vitamin C content.[5]

Freezing (-20 degrees C) freshly expressed mature milk from hospitalized mothers of term and preterm infants does not change milk vitamin C levels for at least 3 months of freezer storage.[6] After 6 to 12 months of freezing (-20 degrees C), vitamin C levels can decrease by 15 to 30%. Storage at -80 degrees C preserves vitamin C levels for up to 8 months, with 15% loss by 12 months.[7]

Drug Levels

Maternal Levels Average mature milk vitamin C concentrations are 50 to 90 mg/L in mothers consuming adequate vitamin C in their diet.[8-12] Milk concentrations are not markedly increased with routine daily multivitamin supplementation.[10,12-14] Vitamin C levels are higher in colostrum by 10 to 20 mg/L compared with mature milk.[15,16] Levels are relatively stable until after 12 months postpartum when they begin to decrease slightly and reach 30% of previous levels by 18 to 24 months postpartum.[8]

Milk levels correlate with blood levels, and both are influenced by maternal diet, particularly in poorly nourished mothers whose milk levels respond more robustly to increases in dietary vitamin C intake.[17,18] Mothers who smoke have lower milk vitamin C levels than those who do not, which is consistent with the known negative effect of smoking on human blood vitamin C levels.[19,20]

Milk from poorly nourished mothers with inadequate vitamin C intake has vitamin C levels of 30 to 50 mg/L during the first postpartum week, and 20 to 30 mg/L in mature milk.[15][16][19] Supplementation of deficient mothers with doses of 100 to 200 mg daily increases the mature milk level slightly to 40 to 60 mg/L.[21,22]

Among mothers living in rural The Gambia, West Africa, blood and milk vitamin C levels increased during seasonal periods of increased dietary intake from vitamin C-rich fruit. Milk levels were 50 to 60 mg/L during April to June when mango availability and consumption was highest, and 40 to 50 mg/L during December to February when orange availability and consumption was highest. Milk levels were 20 to 30 mg/L at other times of the year when consumption of these fruits was lowest. Mothers were concurrently taking a dietary supplement providing 35 mg daily of vitamin C throughout the year.[17]

Pooled and pasteurized donor milk from milk banks in Ontario and British Colombia, Canada had average vitamin C levels of only 17.7 mg/L (range 1.9 to 43.2 mg/L) and 21.7 mg/L (range 0 to 68 mg/L), respectively.[3,4]

Fifteen well-nourished nursing mothers between 7 and 20 weeks postpartum were given 250, 500, or 1,000 mg vitamin C once daily for two days. Average milk levels were between 100 and 120 mg/L and did not significantly differ between the groups. The maximum level reported was 158 mg/L.[15] Using this maximum level, an exclusively breastfeeding infant would be expected to consume about 25 mg/kg daily, which is similar to the treatment dose for infants with scurvy, and well below infant exposures known to cause harm.[23]

A case report from the U.S. of a well-nourished mother taking vitamin C 4,000 mg per day throughout pregnancy and lactation had a milk level of 105 mg/L on day 38 postpartum.[24]

Fifteen mothers who delivered preterm infants between 27 and 35 weeks gestation had average mature milk vitamin C levels of 120 to 130 mg/L compared to 95 to 120 mg/L in 12 term mothers. Both the term and preterm mothers had adequate dietary vitamin C intake plus were taking dietary supplements containing 60 to 270 mg daily of vitamin C. This study suggests that preterm infants fed their mother's milk are not at greater risk of vitamin C deficiency than term infants.[25] These investigators measured both ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid in milk samples which may have accounted for their higher reported levels compared to other studies.

Maternal administration of a 500 mg vitamin C plus 100 IU of vitamin E daily for 30 days increased biochemical markers of milk antioxidant activity in healthy lactating women between 1 and 6 months postpartum compared to no supplementation.[26]

Infant Levels. Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.

Effects in Breastfed Infants

Sixty healthy lactating women between 1 and 6 months postpartum exclusively breastfeeding their infants were given vitamin C 500 mg plus vitamin E 100 IU once daily for 30 days, or no supplementation. Infants of supplemented mothers had increased biochemical markers of antioxidant activity in their urine. Clinical outcomes were not reported.[26]

Eighteen preterm infants, seven of whom were less than 32 weeks gestational age, who were fed pooled, Holder-pasteurized donor milk beginning during the first three days of life had their average blood plasma ascorbic acid concentrations decrease from 15.5 mg/L at birth to 5.4 mg/L by 1 week of age, and to 4.1 mg/L by 3 weeks of age. The authors described the 1- and 3-week levels as subtherapeutic (<6 mg/L) and indicative of inadequate intake, potentially jeopardizing postnatal growth potential.[27] Although this study was conducted before advances in the provision of parenteral nutrition and enteral milk fortification for preterm infants, contemporary studies suggest that inadequate vitamin C intake from pooled, pasteurized donor milk may be a potential health problem for preterm infants receiving donor milk.[4]

Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk

Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date.

References

1.

National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin C fact sheet for health professionals. 2018. https://ods​.od.nih.gov​/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional/

2.

Romeu-Nadal M, Castellote AI, Gaya A, et al. Effect of pasteurisation on ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbic acid, tocopherols and fatty acids in pooled mature human milk. Food Chem. 2008;107:434–8. [CrossRef]

3.

Elisia I, Kitts DD. Quantification of hexanal as an index of lipid oxidation in human milk and association with antioxidant components. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2011;49:147–52. [PMC free article: PMC3208008] [PubMed: 22128211]

4.

Castro M, Pitino M, Bando N, et al. Infants exclusively fed human donor milk require supplementation with vitamin C. E-PAS 2019;3845:396. Abstract. https://www​.xcdsystem​.com/pas/program/2019/index.cfm.

5.

Israel-Ballard KA, Abrams BF, Coutsoudis A, et al. Vitamin content of breast milk from HIV-1-infected mothers before and after flash-heat treatment. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;48:444–9. [PMC free article: PMC2896979] [PubMed: 18614920]

6.

Bank MR, Kirksey A, West K, et al. Effect of storage time and temperature on folacin and vitamin C levels in term and preterm human milk. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985;41:235–42. [PubMed: 3969932]

7.

Romeu-Nadal M, Castellote AI, López-Sabater MC. Effect of cold storage on vitamins C and E and fatty acids in human milk. Food Chem. 2008;106:65–70. [CrossRef]

8.

Karra MV, Udipi SA, Kirksey A, et al. Changes in specific nutrients in breast milk during extended lactation. Am J Clin Nutr. 1986;43:495–503. [PubMed: 3962902]

9.

Hoppu U, Rinne M, Salo-Vaananen P, et al. Vitamin C in breast milk may reduce the risk of atopy in the infant. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005;59:123–8. [PubMed: 15340369]

10.

Martysiak-Żurowska D, Zagierski M, Wos-Wasilewska E, et al. Higher absorption of vitamin C from food than from supplements by breastfeeding mothers at early stages of lactation. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2016;86:81–7. [PubMed: 29219785]

11.

Byerley LO, Kirksey A. Effects of different levels of vitamin C intake on the vitamin C concentration in human milk and the vitamin C intakes of breast-fed infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985;41:665–71. [PubMed: 3984919]

12.

Sneed SM, Zane C, Thomas MR. The effects of ascorbic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and folic acid supplementation on the breast milk and maternal nutritional status of low socioeconomic lactating women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1981;34:1338–46. [PubMed: 7258124]

13.

Thomas MR, Kawamoto J, Sneed SM, et al. The effects of vitamin C, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 supplementation on the breast milk and maternal status of well-nourished women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1979;32:1679–85. [PubMed: 463805]

14.

Thomas MR, Sneed SM, Wei C, et al. The effects of vitamin C, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folic acid, riboflavin, and thiamin on the breast milk and maternal status of well-nourished women at 6 months postpartum. Am J Clin Nutr. 1980;33:2151–6. [PubMed: 7424809]

15.

Rajalakshmi R, Deodhar AD, Ramakrishnan CV. Vitamin C secretion during lactation. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1965;54:375–82. [PubMed: 14343448]

16.

Ahmed L Jr, Islam S, Khan N, et al. Vitamin C content in human milk (colostrum, transitional and mature) and serum of a sample of Bangladeshi mothers. Malays J Nutr. 2004;10:1–4. [PubMed: 22691742]

17.

Bates CJ, Prentice AM, Prentice A, et al. Seasonal variations in ascorbic acid status and breast milk ascorbic acid levels in rural Gambian women in relation to dietary intake. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1982;76:341–7. [PubMed: 7112656]

18.

Daneel-Otterbech S, Davidsson L, Hurrell R. Ascorbic acid supplementation and regular consumption of fresh orange juice increase the ascorbic acid content of human milk: studies in European and African lactating women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81:1088–93. [PubMed: 15883433]

19.

Dror DK, Allen LH. Overview of nutrients in human milk. Adv Nutr. 2018;9 Suppl 1:278S–94S. [PMC free article: PMC6008960] [PubMed: 29846526]

20.

Schleicher RL, Carroll MD, Ford ES, et al. Serum vitamin C and the prevalence of vitamin C deficiency in the United States: 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90:1252–63. [PubMed: 19675106]

21.

Deodhar AD, Hajalakshmi R, Ramakrishnan CV. Studies on human lactation. III. Effect of dietary vitamin supplementation on vitamin contents of breast milk. Acta Paediatr. 1964;53:42–8. [PubMed: 14114316]

22.

Bates CJ, Prentice AM, Prentice A, et al. The effect of vitamin C supplementation on lactating women in Keneba, a West African rural community. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1983;53:68–76. [PubMed: 6853060]

23.

Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center Gaithersburg (MD) National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences. (US). Scurvy. 2016. https:​//rarediseases​.info.nih.gov/diseases/10406/scurvy.

24.

Anderson DM, Pittard WB III. Vitamin E and C concentrations in human milk with maternal megadosing: A case report. J Am Diet Assoc. 1985;85:715–7. [PubMed: 3998344]

25.

Udipi SA, Kirksey A, West K, et al. Vitamin B6, vitamin C and folacin levels in milk from mothers of term and preterm infants during the neonatal period. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985;42:522–30. [PubMed: 4041128]

26.

Zarban A, Toroghi MM, Asli M, et al. Effect of vitamin C and E supplementation on total antioxidant content of human breastmilk and infant urine. Breastfeed Med. 2015;10:214–7. [PubMed: 25915716]

27.

Heinonen K, Mononen I, Mononen T, et al. Plasma vitamin C levels are low in premature infants fed human milk. Am J Clin Nutr. 1986;43:923–4. [PubMed: 3717067]

Substance Name

Vitamin C

CAS Registry Number

50-81-7

Drug Class

Breast Feeding

Lactation

Vitamins