Inactive ingredients include: colloidal silicon dioxide, hypromellose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, povidone, pregelatinized starch, sodium starch glycolate, and titanium dioxide. Also contains polysorbate 80 (5 mg/200 mg) and D&C red #27, FD&C blue #1 (10 mg/200 mg).

Mechanism of Action

Hydrocodone Component
Hydrocodone is a full opioid agonist with relative selectivity for the mu-opioid receptor, although it can interact with other opioid receptors at higher doses. The principal therapeutic action of hydrocodone is analgesia. Like all full opioid agonists, there is no ceiling effect for analgesia with hydrocodone. Clinically, dosage is titrated to provide adequate analgesia and may be limited by adverse reactions, including respiratory and CNS depression.

The precise mechanism of the analgesic action is unknown. However, specific CNS opioid receptors for endogenous compounds with opioid-like activity have been identified throughout the brain and spinal cord and are thought to play a role in the analgesic effects of this drug.

Ibuprofen Component
Ibuprofen has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.

The mechanism of action, like that of other NSAIDs, is not completely understood, but involves inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2).

Ibuprofen is a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis in vitro. Ibuprofen concentrations reached during therapy have produced in vivo effects. Prostaglandins sensitize afferent nerves and potentiate the action of bradykinin in inducing pain in animal models. Prostaglandins are mediators of inflammation. Because ibuprofen is an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, its mode of action may be due to a decrease of prostaglandins in peripheral tissues.

Pharmacodynamics

Effects on the Central Nervous System
Hydrocodone produces respiratory depression by direct action on brain stem respiratory centers. The respiratory depression involves a reduction in the responsiveness of the brain stem respiratory centers to both increases in carbon dioxide tension and electrical stimulation.

Hydrocodone causes miosis, even in total darkness. Pinpoint pupils are a sign of opioid overdose but are not pathognomonic (e.g., pontine lesions of hemorrhagic or ischemic origins may produce similar findings). Marked mydriasis rather than miosis may be seen due to hypoxia in overdose situations.

Effects on the Gastrointestinal Tract and Other Smooth Muscle
Hydrocodone causes a reduction in motility associated with an increase in smooth muscle tone in the antrum of the stomach and duodenum. Digestion of food in the small intestine is delayed and propulsive contractions are decreased. Propulsive peristaltic waves in the colon are decreased, while tone may be increased to the point of spasm, resulting in constipation. Other opioid- induced effects may include a reduction in biliary and pancreatic secretions, spasm of sphincter of Oddi, and transient elevations in serum amylase.

Effects on the Cardiovascular System
Hydrocodone produces peripheral vasodilation, which may result in orthostatic hypotension or syncope. Manifestations of histamine release and/or peripheral vasodilation may include pruritus, flushing, red eyes, sweating, and/or orthostatic hypotension.

Effects on the Endocrine System
Opioids inhibit the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and luteinizing hormone (LH) in humans (see ADVERSE REACTIONS: Postmarketing Experience) . They also stimulate prolactin, growth hormone (GH) secretion, and pancreatic secretion of insulin and glucagon.

Chronic use of opioids may influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, leading to androgen deficiency that may manifest as low libido, impotence, erectile dysfunction, amenorrhea, or infertility. The causal role of opioids in the clinical syndrome of hypogonadism is unknown because the various medical, physical, lifestyle, and psychological stressors that may influence gonadal hormone levels have not been adequately controlled for in studies conducted to date (see ADVERSE REACTIONS: Postmarketing Experience) .

Effects on the Immune System
Opioids have been shown to have a variety of effects on components of the immune system in both in vitro and animal models. The clinical significance of these findings is unknown. Overall, the effects of opioids appear to be modestly immunosuppressive.

Concentration-Efficacy Relationships
The minimum effective analgesic concentration will vary widely among patients, especially among patients who have been previously treated with potent agonist opioids. The minimum effective analgesic concentration of hydrocodone for any individual patient may increase over time due to an increase in pain, the development of a new pain syndrome, and/or the development of analgesic tolerance (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION) .

Concentration-Adverse Reaction Relationships
There is a relationship between increasing hydrocodone plasma concentration and increasing frequency of dose-related opioid adverse reactions such as nausea, vomiting, CNS effects, and respiratory depression. In opioid-tolerant patients, the situation may be altered by the development of tolerance to opioid-related adverse reactions (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION) .

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption
After oral dosing with the IBUDONE ® tablet, a peak hydrocodone plasma level of 27 ng/mL is achieved at 1.7 hours, and a peak ibuprofen plasma level of 30 mcg/mL is achieved at 1.8 hours. The effect of food on the absorption of either component from the IBUDONE ® tablet has not been established.

Distribution
Ibuprofen is highly protein-bound (99%) like most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Although the extent of protein binding of hydrocodone in human plasma has not been definitely determined, structural similarities to related opioid analgesics suggest that hydrocodone is not extensively protein bound. As most agents in the 5-ring morphinan group of semi-synthetic opioids bind plasma protein to a similar degree (range 19% [hydromorphone] to 45% [oxycodone]), hydrocodone is expected to fall within this range.

Elimination

Metabolism
Hydrocodone exhibits a complex pattern of metabolism, including O-demethylation, N­ demethylation, and 6-keto reduction to the corresponding 6-α-and 6-β-hydroxy metabolites. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, is formed from the O-demethylation of hydrocodone and contributes to the total analgesic effect of hydrocodone. The O- and N- demethylation processes are mediated by separate P-450 isoenzymes: CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, respectively.

Ibuprofen is present in this product as a racemate, and following absorption it undergoes interconversion in the plasma from the R-isomer to the S-isomer. Both the R- and S- isomers are metabolized to two primary metabolites: (+)-2-4'-(2hydroxy-2-methyl-propyl) phenyl propionic acid and (+)-2-4'-(2carboxypropyl) phenyl propionic acid, both of which circulate in the plasma at low levels relative to the parent.

Excretion
Hydrocodone and its metabolites are eliminated primarily in the kidneys, with a mean plasma half-life of 4.5 hours. Ibuprofen is excreted in the urine, 50% to 60% as metabolites and approximately 15% as unchanged drug and conjugate. The plasma half-life is 2.2 hours.

Specific Populations
No significant pharmacokinetic differences based on age or gender have been demonstrated. The pharmacokinetics of hydrocodone and ibuprofen from IBUDONE ® has not been evaluated in children.

Renal Impairment
The effect of renal insufficiency on the pharmacokinetics of the IBUDONE ® dosage form has not been determined.

Drug Interaction Studies

Aspirin
When NSAIDs were administered with aspirin, the protein binding of NSAIDs were reduced, although the clearance of free NSAID was not altered. The clinical significance of this interaction is not known (see PRECAUTIONS: Drug Interactions) .

Limitations of Use

Carefully consider the potential benefits and risks of IBUDONE ® and other treatment options before deciding to use IBUDONE ®. Use the lowest effective dosage for the shortest duration consistent with individual patient treatment goals (see WARNINGS: Cardiovascular Thrombotic Events, Gastrointestinal Bleeding, Ulceration, and Perforation) . Do not use IBUDONE ® for the treatment of conditions such as osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis.

Because of the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse with opioids, even at recommended doses (see WARNINGS: Addiction, Abuse, and Misuse) , reserve IBUDONE ® for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options (e.g., non-opioid analgesics):

• Have not been tolerated, or are not expected to be tolerated,
• Have not provided adequate analgesia, or are not expected to provide adequate analgesia

Hydrocodone Component

Ibuprofen Component

Masking of Inflammation and Fever

The pharmacological activity of IBUDONE ® in reducing inflammation, and possibly fever, may diminish the utility of diagnostic signs in detecting infections.

Ophthalmological Effects

Blurred or diminished vision, scotomata, and changes in color vision have been reported with oral ibuprofen. Discontinue ibuprofen if a patient develops such complaints, and refer the patient for an ophthalmologic examination that includes central visual fields and color vision testing.

Information for Patients

Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling ( Medication Guide) that accompanies each prescription dispensed. Patients, families, or their caregivers should be informed of the following information before initiating therapy with IBUDONE ® and periodically during the course of ongoing therapy.

1. Addiction, Abuse, and Misuse
   Inform patients that the use of IBUDONE ®, even when taken as recommended, can result in addiction, abuse, and misuse, which can lead to overdose and death (see WARNINGS: Addiction, Abuse, and Misuse) . Instruct patients not to share IBUDONE ® with others and to take steps to protect IBUDONE ® from theft or misuse.
2. Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression
   Inform patients of the risk of life-threatening respiratory depression, including information that the risk is greatest when starting IBUDONE ® or when the dosage is increased, and that it can occur even at recommended dosages (see WARNINGS: Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression) . Advise patients how to recognize respiratory depression and to seek medical attention if breathing difficulties develop.
3. Accidental Ingestion
   Inform patients that accidental ingestion, especially by children, may result in respiratory depression or death (see WARNINGS: Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression) . Instruct patients to take steps to store IBUDONE ® securely and to dispose of unused IBUDONE ® appropriately as described below.
4. Interactions with Benzodiazepines and Other CNS Depressants
   Inform patients and caregivers that potentially fatal additive effects may occur if IBUDONE ® is used with benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants, including alcohol, and not to use these concomitantly unless supervised by a healthcare provider (see WARNINGS: Risks from Concomitant Use with Benzodiazepines or Other CNS Depressants, PRECAUTIONS: Drug Interactions) .
5. Serotonin Syndrome
   Inform patients that opioids could cause a rare but potentially life-threatening condition resulting from concomitant administration of serotonergic drugs. Warn patients of the symptoms of serotonin syndrome and to seek medical attention right away if symptoms develop. Instruct patients to inform their healthcare providers if they are taking, or plan to take serotonergic medications (see PRECAUTIONS: Drug Interactions) .
6. MAOI Interaction
   Inform patients to avoid taking IBUDONE ® while using any drugs that inhibit monoamine oxidase. Patients should not start MAOIs while taking IBUDONE ® (see PRECAUTIONS: Drug Interactions) .
7. Adrenal Insufficiency
   Inform patients that opioids could cause adrenal insufficiency, a potentially life-threatening condition. Adrenal insufficiency may present with non-specific symptoms and signs such as nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, and low blood pressure. Advise patients to seek medical attention if they experience a constellation of these symptoms (see WARNINGS: Adrenal Insufficiency) .
8. Important Administration Instructions
   Instruct patients how to properly take IBUDONE ®. For the short-term (generally less than 10 days) management of acute pain, the recommended dose of IBUDONE ® is one tablet every 4 to 6 hours, as necessary. Inform patients that the dosage should not exceed 5 tablets in a 24-hour period (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION) .
9. Hypotension
   Inform patients that IBUDONE ® may cause orthostatic hypotension and syncope. Instruct patients how to recognize symptoms of low blood pressure and how to reduce the risk of serious consequences should hypotension occur (e.g., sit or lie down, carefully rise from a sitting or lying position) (see WARNINGS: Severe Hypotension) .
10. Anaphylaxis
    Inform patients that anaphylaxis has been reported with ingredients contained in IBUDONE ®. Advise patients how to recognize such a reaction and when to seek medical attention (see CONTRAINDICATIONS, WARNINGS: Anaphylactic Reactions) .
11. Pregnancy
    Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome
    Inform female patients of reproductive potential that prolonged use of IBUDONE ® during pregnancy can result in neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, which may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated (see Boxed Warning, WARNINGS: Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome, PRECAUTIONS: Pregnancy) .
    
    Embryo-Fetal Toxicity
    Inform female patients of reproductive potential that IBUDONE ® can cause fetal harm and to inform the prescriber of a known or suspected pregnancy. Inform pregnant women to avoid use of IBUDONE ® and other NSAIDs starting at 30 weeks gestation because of the risk of premature closing of the fetal ductus arteriosus (see WARNINGS: Premature Closure of Fetal Ductus Arteriosis, PRECAUTIONS: Pregnancy) .
12. Lactation
    Advise nursing mothers to monitor infants for increased sleepiness (more than usual), breathing difficulties, or limpness. Instruct nursing mothers to seek immediate medical care if they notice these signs (see PRECAUTIONS: Nursing Mothers) .
13. Infertility
    Inform patients that chronic use of opioids may cause reduced fertility. It is not known whether these effects on fertility are reversible. Advise female patients of reproductive potential who desire pregnancy that NSAIDs, including IBUDONE ®, may be associated with a reversible delay in ovulation (see PRECAUTIONS: Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity, Impairment of Fertility) .
14. Driving or Operating Heavy Machinery
    Inform patients that IBUDONE ® may impair the ability to perform potentially hazardous activities such as driving a car or operating heavy machinery. Advise patients not to perform such tasks until they know how they will react to the medication (see WARNINGS: Risks of Driving and Operating Machinery) .
15. Constipation
    Advise patients of the potential for severe constipation, including management instructions and when to seek medical attention (see ADVERSE REACTIONS: Clinical Trials Experience) .
16. Cardiovascular Thrombotic Events
    Advise patients to be alert for the symptoms of cardiovascular thrombotic events, including chest pain, shortness of breath, weakness, or slurring of speech, and to report any of these symptoms to their healthcare provider immediately (see WARNINGS: Cardiovascular Thrombotic Events) .
17. Gastrointestinal Bleeding, Ulceration, and Perforation
    Advise patients to report symptoms of ulcerations and bleeding, including epigastric pain, dyspepsia, melena, and hematemesis to their healthcare provider. In the setting of concomitant use of low-dose aspirin for cardiac prophylaxis, inform patients of the increased risk for and the signs and symptoms of GI bleeding (see WARNINGS: Gastrointestinal Bleeding, Ulceration, and Perforation) .
18. Hepatotoxicity
    Inform patients of the warning signs and symptoms of hepatotoxicity (e.g., nausea, fatigue, lethargy, pruritus, diarrhea, jaundice, right upper quadrant tenderness, and "flu-like" symptoms). If these occur, instruct patients to stop IBUDONE ® and seek immediate medical therapy (see WARNINGS: Hepatotoxicity) .
19. Heart Failure and Edema
    Advise patients to be alert for the symptoms of congestive heart failure including shortness of breath, unexplained weight gain, or edema and to contact their healthcare provider if such symptoms occur (see WARNINGS: Heart Failure and Edema) .
20. Serious Skin Reactions
    Advise patients to stop IBUDONE ® immediately if they develop any type of rash and to contact their healthcare provider as soon as possible (see WARNINGS: Serious Skin Reactions) .
21. Avoid Concomitant use of NSAIDs
    Inform patients that the concomitant use of IBUDONE ® with other NSAIDs or salicylates (e.g., diflunisal, salsalate) is not recommended due to the increased risk of gastrointestinal toxicity, and little or no increase in efficacy (see WARNINGS: Gastrointestinal Bleeding, Ulceration, and Perforation, PRECAUTIONS: Drug Interactions) . Alert patients that NSAIDs may be present in “over the counter” medications for treatment of colds, fever, or insomnia.
22. Use of NSAIDS and Low-Dose Aspirin
    Inform patients not to use low-dose aspirin concomitantly with IBUDONE ® until they talk to their healthcare provider (see PRECAUTIONS: Drug Interactions) .
23. Ophthalmological Effects
    Instruct patients to report any signs of blurred vision or other eye symptoms (see PRECAUTIONS: Ophthalmological Effects) .
24. Disposal of Unused IBUDONE ®
    Advise patients to flush the unused tablets down the toilet when IBUDONE ® is no longer needed or to contact the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) to find the location of an authorized collector (1-800-882-9539).

Laboratory Monitoring

Because serious GI bleeding, hepatotoxicity, and renal injury can occur without warning symptoms or signs, consider monitoring patients with a CBC and a chemistry profile periodically (see WARNINGS: Gastrointestinal Bleeding, Ulceration, and Perforation, Renal Toxicity and Hyperkalemia, Hepatotoxicity) .

Drug Interactions

Inhibitors of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6
The concomitant use of IBUDONE ® and CYP3A4 inhibitors, such as macrolide antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin), azole-antifungal agents (e.g. ketoconazole), protease inhibitors (e.g., ritonavir), can increase the plasma concentration of hydrocodone, resulting in increased or prolonged opioid effects. These effects could be more pronounced with concomitant use of IBUDONE ® and CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 inhibitors, particularly when an inhibitor is added after a stable dose of IBUDONE ® is achieved (see WARNINGS: Risks of Concomitant Use or Discontinuation of Cytochrome P450 3A4 Inhibitors and Inducers) .

After stopping a CYP3A4 inhibitor, as the effects of the inhibitor decline, the hydrocodone plasma concentration will decrease (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Pharmacokinetics) , resulting in decreased opioid efficacy or a withdrawal syndrome in patients who had developed physical dependence to IBUDONE ®.

If concomitant use is necessary, consider dosage reduction of IBUDONE ® until stable drug effects are achieved. Monitor patients for respiratory depression and sedation at frequent intervals. If a CYP3A4 inhibitor is discontinued, consider a dosage increase of IBUDONE ® until stable drug effects are achieved. Monitor for signs of opioid withdrawal.

CYP3A4 Inducers
The concomitant use of IBUDONE ® and CYP3A4 inducers, such as rifampin, carbamazepine, and phenytoin, can decrease the plasma concentration of hydrocodone (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Pharmacokinetics) , resulting in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence to hydrocodone (see WARNINGS: Withdrawal) .

After stopping a CYP3A4 inducer, as the effects of the inducer decline, the hydrocodone plasma concentration will increase (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Pharmacokinetics) , which could increase or prolong both the therapeutic effects and adverse reactions, and may cause serious respiratory depression.

If concomitant use is necessary, consider a dosage increase of IBUDONE ® until stable drug effects are achieved. Monitor for signs of opioid withdrawal. If a CYP3A4 inducer is discontinued, consider IBUDONE ® dosage reduction and monitor for signs of respiratory depression.

Benzodiazepines and Other Central Nervous System (CNS) Depressants
Due to additive pharmacologic effect, the concomitant use of benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants such as benzodiazepines and other sedatives/hypnotics, anxiolytics, tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, general anesthetics, antipsychotics, and other opioids, including alcohol, increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death.

Reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required. Follow patients closely for signs of respiratory depression and sedation (see WARNINGS: Life- Threatening Respiratory Depression) .

Serotonergic Drugs
The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), triptans, 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, drugs that effect the serotonin neurotransmitter system (e.g., mirtazapine, trazodone, tramadol), and monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors (those intended to treat psychiatric disorders and also others, such as linezolid and intravenous methylene blue), has resulted in serotonin syndrome (see PRECAUTIONS: Information for Patients) .

If concomitant use is warranted, carefully observe the patient, particularly during treatment initiation and dose adjustment. Discontinue IBUDONE ® if serotonin syndrome is suspected.

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
MAOI interactions with opioids may manifest as serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity (e.g., respiratory depression, coma).

If urgent use of an opioid is necessary with MAOIs such as phenelzine, tranylcypromine, linezolid, use test doses and frequent titration of small doses to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of CNS and respiratory depression.

The use of IBUDONE ® is not recommended for patients taking MAOIs or within 14 days of stopping such treatment.

Mixed Agonist/Antagonist and Partial Agonist Opioid Analgesics
Agonist/antagonist analgesics such as pentazocine, nalbuphine, butorphanol and buprenorphine may reduce the analgesic effect of IBUDONE ® and/or precipitate withdrawal symptoms in these patients.

Avoid concomitant use of these drugs.

Muscle Relaxants
Hydrocodone, as well as other opioid analgesics, may enhance the neuromuscular blocking action of skeletal muscle relaxants and produce an increased degree of respiratory depression.

Monitor patients for signs of respiratory depression that may be greater than otherwise expected and decrease the dosage of IBUDONE ® and/or the muscle relaxant as necessary.

Anticholinergics
The concomitant use of anticholinergic drugs may increase risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.

Monitor patients for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility when IBUDONE ® is used concomitantly with anticholinergic drugs.

Drugs That Interfere With Hemostasis
Ibuprofen and anticoagulants such as warfarin have a synergistic effect on bleeding. The concomitant use of ibuprofen and anticoagulants have an increased risk of serious bleeding compared to the use of either drug alone.

Serotonin release by platelets plays an important role in hemostasis. Case-control and cohort epidemiological studies showed that concomitant use of drugs that interfere with serotonin reuptake and an NSAID may potentiate the risk of bleeding more than an NSAID alone.

Monitor patients with concomitant use of IBUDONE ® with anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin), antiplatelet agents (e.g., aspirin), SSRIs, and SNRIs for signs of bleeding (see WARNINGS: Hematologic Toxicity) .

Aspirin
Controlled clinical studies showed that the concomitant use of NSAIDs and analgesic doses of aspirin does not produce any greater therapeutic effect than the use of NSAIDs alone. In a clinical study, the concomitant use of an NSAID and aspirin was associated with a significantly increased incidence of GI adverse reactions as compared to use of the NSAID alone (see WARNINGS: Gastrointestinal Bleeding, Ulceration, and Perforation) .

Concomitant use of IBUDONE ® and analgesic doses of aspirin is not generally recommended because of the increased risk of bleeding (see WARNINGS: Hematologic Toxicity) .

ACE-Inhibitors, Angiotensin Receptor Blockers, and Beta-blockers
NSAIDs may diminish the antihypertensive effect of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), or beta-blockers (including propranolol).

During concomitant use of IBUDONE ® and ACE-inhibitors, ARBs, or beta-blockers, monitor blood pressure to ensure that the desired blood pressure is obtained.

In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or have renal impairment, co-administration of an NSAID with ACE inhibitors or ARBs may result in deterioration of renal function, including possible acute renal failure. Monitor for signs of worsening renal function (see WARNINGS: Renal Toxicity and Hyperkalemia) . These effects are usually reversible.

When these drugs are administered concomitantly, patients should be adequately hydrated. Assess renal function at the beginning of the concomitant treatment and periodically thereafter.

Diuretics
Clinical studies, as well as post-marketing observations, showed that NSAIDs reduced the natriuretic effect of loop diuretics (e.g., furosemide) and thiazide diuretics in some patients. This effect has been attributed to the NSAID inhibition of renal prostaglandin synthesis.

During concomitant use of IBUDONE ® with diuretics, observe patients for signs of worsening renal function, in addition to assuring diuretic efficacy including antihypertensive effects (see WARNINGS: Renal Toxicity and Hyperkalemia) .

Digoxin
The concomitant use of ibuprofen with digoxin has been reported to increase the serum concentration and prolong the half-life of digoxin.

During concomitant use of IBUDONE ® and digoxin, monitor serum digoxin levels.

Lithium
NSAIDs have produced elevations in plasma lithium concentration and reductions in renal lithium clearance. The mean minimum lithium concentration increased 15%, and the renal clearance decreased by approximately 20%. This effect has been attributed to NSAID inhibition of renal prostaglandin synthesis.

During concomitant use of IBUDONE ® and lithium, monitor patients for signs of lithium toxicity.

Methotrexate
Concomitant use of NSAIDs and methotrexate may increase the risk for methotrexate toxicity (e.g., neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, renal dysfunction).

During concomitant use of IBUDONE ® and methotrexate, monitor patients for methotrexate toxicity.

Cyclosporine
Concomitant use of IBUDONE ® and cyclosporine may increase cyclosporine’s nephrotoxicity.

During concomitant use of IBUDONE ® and cyclosporine, monitor patients for signs of worsening renal function.

NSAIDs and Salicylates
Concomitant use of ibuprofen with other NSAIDs or salicylates (e.g., diflunisal, salsalate) increases the risk of GI toxicity, with little or no increase in efficacy (see WARNINGS: Gastrointestinal Bleeding, Ulceration, and Perforation) .

The concomitant use of ibuprofen with other NSAIDs or salicylates is not recommended.

Pemetrexed
Concomitant use of IBUDONE ® and pemetrexed may increase the risk of pemetrexed­-associated myelosuppression, renal, and GI toxicity (see the pemetrexed prescribing information).

During concomitant use of IBUDONE ® and pemetrexed, in patients with renal impairment whose creatinine clearance ranges from 45 to 79 mL/min, monitor for myelosuppression, renal and GI toxicity.

NSAIDs with short elimination half-lives (e.g., diclofenac, indomethacin) should be avoided for a period of two days before, the day of, and two days following administration of pemetrexed.

In the absence of data regarding potential interaction between pemetrexed and NSAIDs with longer half-lives (e.g., meloxicam, nabumetone), patients taking these NSAIDs should interrupt dosing for at least five days before, the day of, and two days following pemetrexed administration.

Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity, Impairment of Fertility

Carcinogenesis
Long-term animal studies to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of the combination of hydrocodone and ibuprofen, ibuprofen alone, or hydrocodone alone have not been conducted.

Mutagenesis
The mutagenic potential of the combination of hydrocodone and ibuprofen or hydrocodone alone has not been investigated.

In published studies, ibuprofen was not mutagenic in the in vitro bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames assay).

Impairment of Fertility
Animal studies evaluating the impact of the combination of hydrocodone and ibuprofen or hydrocodone alone on fertility have not been conducted.

In a published study, dietary administration of ibuprofen to male and female rats 8-weeks prior to and during mating at dose levels of 20 mg/kg (0.2-times the MRHD of 1000 mg ibuprofen based on body surface area comparison) did not impact male or female fertility or litter size.

In other studies, adult mice were administered ibuprofen intraperitoneally at a dose of 5.6 mg/kg/day (0.03-times the MRHD based on body surface area comparison) for 35 or 60 days in males and 35 days in females. There was no effect on sperm motility or viability in males but decreased ovulation was reported in females.

Based on the mechanism of action, the use of prostaglandin-mediated NSAIDs, including ibuprofen, may delay or prevent rupture of ovarian follicles, which has been associated with reversible infertility in some women. Small studies in women treated with NSAIDs have also shown a reversible delay in ovulation. Consider withdrawal of NSAID-containing products, including IBUDONE ®, in women who have difficulties conceiving or who are undergoing investigation of infertility.

Chronic use of opioids may cause reduced fertility in females and males of reproductive potential. It is not known whether these effects on fertility are reversible (see ADVERSE REACTIONS: Postmarketing Experience) .

Pregnancy

Risk Summary
Use of drug products containing NSAIDs, including IBUDONE ®, during the third trimester of pregnancy increases the risk of premature closure of the fetal ductus arteriosus. Avoid use of NSAIDs, including IBUDONE ®, in pregnant women starting at 30 weeks gestation (third trimester). Prolonged use of opioid analgesics during pregnancy can cause neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (see WARNINGS: Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome) . There are no available data with IBUDONE ® in pregnant women to inform a drug-associated risk for major birth defects and miscarriage. Data from observational studies regarding potential embryofetal risks of NSAID use in women in the first or second trimesters of pregnancy are inconclusive.

In animal reproduction studies, an increase in the percentage of litters and fetuses with any major abnormality and an increase in the number of litters and fetuses with one or more nonossified metacarpals was observed when the combination of hydrocodone and ibuprofen was administered orally to pregnant rabbits during organogenesis at 1.8 times the maximum daily dose. There are no animal reproductive and developmental toxicology studies with hydrocodone alone.

In published animal reproduction studies testing ibuprofen alone, there were no clear developmental effects at doses up to 1.2 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) in the rabbit and 1.8 times in the MRHD rat when dosed throughout gestation. In contrast, an increase in membranous ventricular septal defects was reported in rats treated on Gestation Days 9 & 10 with 3 times the MRHD. Based on animal data, prostaglandins have been shown to have an important role in endometrial vascular permeability, blastocyst implantation, and decidualization. In animal studies, administration of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors such as ibuprofen, resulted in increased pre- and post-implantation loss ( see Data). Based on animal data, advise pregnant women of the potential risk to a fetus.

The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2-4% and 15-20%, respectively.

Clinical Considerations

Fetal/neonatal adverse reactions
Prolonged use of opioid analgesics during pregnancy for medical or nonmedical purposes can result in physical dependence in the neonate and neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome shortly after birth.

Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome presents as irritability, hyperactivity and abnormal sleep pattern, high-pitched cry, tremor, vomiting, diarrhea, and failure to gain weight. The onset, duration, and severity of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome vary based on the specific opioid used, duration of use, timing and amount of last maternal use, and rate of elimination of the drug by the newborn. Observe newborns for symptoms of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and manage accordingly (see WARNINGS: Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome) .

Labor and Delivery
Opioids cross the placenta and may produce respiratory depression and psycho-physiologic effects in neonates. An opioid antagonist, such as naloxone, must be available for reversal of opioid-induced respiratory depression in the neonate. Monitor neonates exposed to opioid analgesics during labor for signs of excess sedation and respiratory depression.

There are no studies on the effects of IBUDONE ® during labor or delivery. In animal studies, NSAIDs, including ibuprofen, inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, cause delayed parturition, and increase the incidence of stillbirth.

IBUDONE ® is not recommended for use in women during and immediately prior to labor, when use of shorter-acting analgesics or other analgesic techniques are more appropriate. Opioid analgesics, including IBUDONE ®, can prolong labor through actions that temporarily reduce the strength, duration, and frequency of uterine contractions. However, this effect is not consistent and may be offset by an increased rate of cervical dilatation, which tends to shorten labor. Monitor neonates exposed to opioid analgesics during labor for signs of excess sedation and respiratory depression.

Data

Animal Data
Pregnant rabbits were treated with 10, 33, or 95 mg/kg of 1:27 ratio of hydrocodone:ibuprofen (the high dose is 1.8 times the maximum daily dose of both compounds based on surface area) from Gestation Day 5 to 18. The dose of 95 mg/kg of the combination, which also produced maternal toxicity (44% decrease in body weight gain compared to control), resulted in an increase in the percentage of litters and fetuses with any major abnormality and an increase in the number of litters and fetuses with one or more nonossified metacarpals (a minor abnormality).

Pregnant rats were treated with 50, 100, or 166 mg/kg of a 1:27 ratio of hydrocodone:ibuprofen (the high dose is 1.6 times the maximum daily dose of both compounds based on body surface area) from Gestation Day 5 to 15. No reproductive toxicity was noted despite the presence of maternal toxicity in the 100 and 166 mg/kg groups (21% and 60% decrease in body weight gain compared to control).

In a published study, female rabbits given 7.5, 20, or 60 mg/kg ibuprofen (0.15, 0.39, or 1.2 times the maximum recommended human daily dose of 1000 mg of ibuprofen based on body surface area) from Gestation Days 1 to 29, no clear treatment-related adverse developmental effects were noted. This dose was associated with significant maternal toxicity (stomach ulcers, gastric lesions). In the same publication, female rats were administered 7.5, 20, 60, 180 mg/kg ibuprofen (0.07, 0.2, 0.6, 1.8 times the maximum daily dose) did not result in clear adverse developmental effects. Maternal toxicity (gastrointestinal lesions) was noted at 20 mg/kg and above.

In a published study, rats were orally dosed with 300 mg/kg ibuprofen (3 times the maximum human daily dose of 1000 mg based on body surface area) during Gestation Days 9 and 10 (critical time points for heart development in rats). Ibuprofen treatment resulted in an increase in the incidence of membranous ventricular septal defects. This dose was associated with significant maternal toxicity including gastrointestinal toxicity (1 out of 20 animals). In the same study/publication rabbits were dosed on Gestation Day 9, 10 and 11 with 500 mg/kg (9.7 times the maximum human daily dose), and only one incidence each of a membranous ventricular septal defect and gastroschisis was noted in the rabbit fetuses. This dose was also associated with maternal toxicity.

Nursing Mothers

Risk Summary
Hydrocodone is present in human milk. A published lactation study reports variable concentrations of hydrocodone and hydromorphone (an active metabolite) in breast milk with administration of immediate-release hydrocodone to nursing mothers in the early post-partum period. This lactation study did not assess breastfed infants for potential adverse drug reactions.

Limited published literature reports that, following oral administration, ibuprofen is present in human milk at relative infant doses of 0.06% to 0.6% of the maternal weight-adjusted daily dose.

Lactation studies have not been conducted with IBUDONE ®, and no information is available on the effects of the drug on the breastfed infant or the effects of the drug on milk production.

The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for IBUDONE ® and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from IBUDONE ® or from the underlying maternal condition.

Clinical Considerations
Monitor infants exposed to IBUDONE ® through breast milk for excess sedation and respiratory depression. Withdrawal symptoms can occur in breastfed infants when maternal administration of hydrocodone is stopped, or when breastfeeding is stopped.

Pediatric Use

The safety and effectiveness of IBUDONE ® in pediatric patients below the age of 16 have not been established.

Geriatric Use

In controlled clinical trials there was no difference in tolerability between patients < 65 years of age and those ≥ 65, apart from an increased tendency of the elderly to develop constipation. However, elderly patients are at greater risk for NSAID-associated serious cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and renal adverse reactions as well as possible increased risk of respiratory depression with opioids. In general, use caution when selecting a dosage for an elderly patient, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy (see WARNINGS: Cardiovascular Thrombotic Events, Gastrointestinal Bleeding, Ulceration, and Perforation, Renal Toxicity and Hyperkalemia) .

Respiratory depression is the chief risk for elderly patients treated with opioids, and has occurred after large initial doses were administered to patients who were not opioid-tolerant or when opioids were co-administered with other agents that depress respiration. Titrate the dosage of IBUDONE ® slowly in geriatric patients and monitor closely for signs of central nervous system and respiratory depression (see WARNINGS: Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression in Patients with Chronic Pulmonary Disease or in Elderly, Cachectic, or Debilitated Patients) .

Both hydrocodone and ibuprofen are known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of adverse reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function.

Hepatic Impairment

Patients with hepatic impairment may have higher hydrocodone plasma concentrations than those with normal function. In patients with severe hepatic impairment, use a low initial dose. Monitor these patients closely for adverse events such as respiratory depression, sedation, and hypotension.

Renal Impairment

Patients with renal impairment may have higher hydrocodone plasma concentrations than those with normal function. Use a low initial dose in patients with renal impairment and monitor closely for adverse events such as respiratory depression, sedation, and hypotension.

Clinical Trials Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

IBUDONE ® was administered to approximately 300 pain patients in a safety study that employed dosages and a duration of treatment sufficient to encompass the recommended usage (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION) . Adverse event rates generally increased with increasing daily dose. The event rates reported below are from approximately 150 patients who were in a group that received one tablet of IBUDONE ® an average of three to four times daily. The overall incidence rates of adverse experiences in the trials were fairly similar for this patient group and those who received the comparison treatment, acetaminophen 600 mg with codeine 60 mg.

The following lists adverse events that occurred with an incidence of 1% or greater in clinical trials of IBUDONE ®, without regard to the causal relationship of the events to the drug. To distinguish different rates of occurrence in clinical studies, the adverse events are listed as follows:

name of adverse event = less than 3%

adverse events marked with an asterisk * = 3% to 9%

adverse event rates over 9% are in parentheses.

Body as a Whole
Abdominal pain*; Asthenia*; Fever; Flu syndrome; Headache (27%); Infection*; Pain.

Cardiovascular
Palpitations; Vasodilation.

Central Nervous System
Anxiety*; Confusion; Dizziness (14%); Hypertonia; Insomnia*; Nervousness*; Paresthesia; Somnolence (22%); Thinking abnormalities.

Digestive
Anorexia; Constipation (22%); Diarrhea*; Dry mouth*; Dyspepsia (12%); Flatulence*; Gastritis; Melena; Mouth ulcers; Nausea (21%); Thirst; Vomiting*.

Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders
Edema*.

Respiratory
Dyspnea; Hiccups; Pharyngitis; Rhinitis.

Skin and Appendages
Pruritus*; Sweating*.

Special Senses
Tinnitus.

Urogenital
Urinary frequency.

Incidence less than 1%

Body as a Whole
Allergic reaction.

Cardiovascular
Arrhythmia; Hypotension; Tachycardia.

Central Nervous System
Agitation; Abnormal dreams; Decreased libido; Depression; Euphoria; Mood changes; Neuralgia; Slurred speech; Tremor, Vertigo.

Digestive
Chalky stool; "Clenching teeth"; Dysphagia; Esophageal spasm; Esophagitis; Gastroenteritis; Glossitis; Liver enzyme elevation.

Metabolic and Nutritional
Weight decrease.

Musculoskeletal
Arthralgia; Myalgia.

Respiratory
Asthma; Bronchitis; Hoarseness; Increased cough; Pulmonary congestion; Pneumonia; Shallow breathing; Sinusitis.

Skin and Appendages
Rash; Urticaria.

Special Senses
Altered vision; Bad taste; Dry eyes.

Urogenital
Cystitis; Glycosuria; Impotence; Urinary incontinence; Urinary retention.

Postmarketing Experience

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of hydrocodone. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

Serotonin syndrome: Cases of serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition, have been reported during concomitant use of opioids with serotonergic drugs.

Adrenal insufficiency: Cases of adrenal insufficiency have been reported with opioid use, more often following greater than one month of use.

Anaphylaxis: Anaphylaxis has been reported with ingredients contained in IBUDONE ®.

Androgen deficiency: Cases of androgen deficiency have occurred with chronic use of opioids (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Pharmacodynamics) .

Controlled Substance

IBUDONE ® contains hydrocodone, a Schedule II controlled substance.

Abuse

IBUDONE ® contains hydrocodone, a substance with a high potential for abuse similar to other opioids including fentanyl, hydromorphone, methadone, morphine, oxycodone, oxymorphone, and tapentadol. IBUDONE ® can be abused and is subject to misuse, addiction, and criminal diversion (see WARNINGS: Addiction, Abuse, and Misuse) .

All patients treated with opioids require careful monitoring for signs of abuse and addiction, because use of opioid analgesic products carries the risk of addiction even under appropriate medical use.

Prescription drug abuse is the intentional non-therapeutic use of a prescription drug, even once, for its rewarding psychological or physiological effects.

Drug addiction is a cluster of behavioral, cognitive, and physiological phenomena that develop after repeated substance use and includes: a strong desire to take the drug, difficulties in controlling its use, persisting in its use despite harmful consequences, a higher priority given to drug use than to other activities and obligations, increased tolerance, and sometimes a physical withdrawal.

“Drug seeking” behavior is very common with substance use disorders. Drug-seeking tactics include emergency calls or visits near the end of office hours, refusal to undergo appropriate examination, testing or referral, repeated “loss” of prescriptions, tampering with prescriptions, and reluctance to provide prior medical records or contact information for other treating healthcare provider(s). “Doctor shopping” (visiting multiple prescribers to obtain additional prescriptions) is common among drug abusers and people suffering from untreated addiction.

Preoccupation with achieving adequate pain relief can be appropriate behavior in a patient with poor pain control.

Abuse and addiction are separate and distinct from physical dependence and tolerance. Healthcare providers should be aware that addiction may not be accompanied by concurrent tolerance and symptoms of physical dependence in all addicts. In addition, abuse of opioids can occur in the absence of true addiction.

IBUDONE ®, like other opioids, can be diverted for non-medical use into illicit channels of distribution. Careful record-keeping of prescribing information, including quantity, frequency, and renewal requests, as required by state and federal law, is strongly advised.

Proper assessment of the patient, proper prescribing practices, periodic re-evaluation of therapy, and proper dispensing and storage are appropriate measures that help to limit abuse of opioid drugs.

Risks Specific to Abuse of IBUDONE ®
Abuse of IBUDONE ® poses a risk of overdose and death. The risk is increased with concurrent abuse of IBUDONE ® with alcohol and other central nervous system depressants (see WARNINGS: Risks from Concomitant Use with Benzodiazepines or Other CNS Depressants) .

Parenteral drug abuse is commonly associated with transmission of infectious diseases such as hepatitis and HIV.

Dependence

Both tolerance and physical dependence can develop during chronic opioid therapy. Tolerance is the need for increasing doses of opioids to maintain a defined effect such as analgesia (in the absence of disease progression or other external factors). Tolerance may occur to both the desired and undesired effects of drugs, and may develop at different rates for different effects.

Physical dependence results in withdrawal symptoms after abrupt discontinuation or a significant dosage reduction of a drug. Withdrawal also may be precipitated through the administration of drugs with opioid antagonist activity (e.g., naloxone, nalmefene), mixed agonist/antagonist analgesics (e.g., pentazocine, butorphanol, nalbuphine), or partial agonists (e.g., buprenorphine). Physical dependence may not occur to a clinically significant degree until after several days to weeks of continued opioid usage.

IBUDONE ® should not be abruptly discontinued in a physically-dependent patient (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION: Discontinuation of IBUDONE®) . If IBUDONE ® is abruptly discontinued in a physically-dependent patient, a withdrawal syndrome may occur. Some or all of the following can characterize this syndrome: restlessness, lacrimation, rhinorrhea, yawning, perspiration, chills, myalgia, and mydriasis. Other signs and symptoms also may develop, including irritability, anxiety, backache, joint pain, weakness, abdominal cramps, insomnia, nausea, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, or increased blood pressure, respiratory rate, or heart rate.

Infants born to mothers physically dependent on opioids will also be physically dependent and may exhibit respiratory difficulties and withdrawal signs (see PRECAUTIONS: Pregnancy) .

Clinical Presentation

Hydrocodone Component
Acute overdose with opioids can be manifested by respiratory depression, somnolence progressing to stupor or coma, skeletal muscle flaccidity, cold and clammy skin, constricted pupils, and, in some cases, pulmonary edema, bradycardia, hypotension, partial or complete airway obstruction, atypical snoring, and death. Marked mydriasis rather than miosis may be seen with hypoxia in overdose situations.

Ibuprofen Component
Symptoms following acute NSAID overdosages have been typically limited to lethargy, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, and epigastric pain, which have been generally reversible with supportive care. Gastrointestinal bleeding has occurred (see WARNINGS: Gastrointestinal Bleeding, Ulceration, and Perforation) . Hypertension, acute renal failure, respiratory depression, and coma have occurred, but were rare (see WARNINGS: Hypertension, Renal Toxicity and Hyperkalemia) .

Treatment of Overdose

In case of overdose, priorities are the re-establishment of a patent and protected airway and institution of assisted or controlled ventilation, if needed. Employ other supportive measures (including oxygen and vasopressors) in the management of circulatory shock and pulmonary edema as indicated. Cardiac arrest or arrhythmias will require advanced life-support techniques.

The opioid antagonists, naloxone or nalmefene, are specific antidotes to respiratory depression resulting from opioid overdose. For clinically significant respiratory or circulatory depression secondary to hydrocodone overdose, administer an opioid antagonist. Opioid antagonists should not be administered in the absence of clinically significant respiratory or circulatory depression secondary to hydrocodone overdose.

Because the duration of opioid reversal is expected to be less than the duration of action of hydrocodone, carefully monitor the patient until spontaneous respiration is reliably re­-established. If the response to an opioid antagonist is suboptimal or only brief in nature, administer additional antagonist as directed by the product’s prescribing information.

In an individual physically dependent on opioids, administration of the recommended usual dosage of the antagonist will precipitate an acute withdrawal syndrome. The severity of the withdrawal symptoms experienced will depend on the degree of physical dependence and the dose of the antagonist administered. If a decision is made to treat serious respiratory depression in the physically dependent patient, administration of the antagonist should be begun with care and by titration with smaller than usual doses of the antagonist.

Manage patients with symptomatic and supportive care following an NSAID overdosage. There are no specific antidotes. Consider emesis and/or activated charcoal (60 to 100 grams in adults, 1 to 2 grams per kg of body weight in pediatric patients) and/or osmotic cathartic in symptomatic patients seen within four hours of ingestion or in patients with a large overdose (5 to 10 times the recommended dosage). Forced diuresis, alkalinization of urine, hemodialysis, or hemoperfusion may not be useful due to high protein binding.

For additional information about overdosage treatment contact a poison control center (1-800-222-1222).

Initial Dosage

For the short-term (generally less than 10 days) management of acute pain, the recommended dose of IBUDONE ® is one tablet every 4 to 6 hours, as necessary. Dosage should not exceed 5 tablets in a 24-hour period. It should be kept in mind that tolerance to hydrocodone can develop with continued use and that the incidence of untoward effects is dose related.

The lowest effective dose or the longest dosing interval should be sought for each patient (see WARNINGS) , especially in the elderly. After observing the initial response to therapy with IBUDONE ®, the dose and frequency of dosing should be adjusted to suit the individual patient's need, without exceeding the total daily dose recommended.

Titration and Maintenance of Therapy

Individually titrate IBUDONE ® to a dose that provides adequate analgesia and minimizes adverse reactions. Continually reevaluate patients receiving IBUDONE ® to assess the maintenance of pain control and the relative incidence of adverse reactions, as well as monitoring for the development of addiction, abuse, or misuse (see WARNINGS: Addiction, Abuse, and Misuse) . Frequent communication is important among the prescriber, other members of the healthcare team, the patient, and the caregiver/family during periods of changing analgesic requirements, including initial titration.

If the level of pain increases after dosage stabilization, attempt to identify the source of increased pain before increasing the IBUDONE ® dosage. If unacceptable opioid-related adverse reactions are observed, consider reducing the dosage. Adjust the dosage to obtain an appropriate balance between management of pain and opioid-related adverse reactions.

Discontinuation of IBUDONE ®

When a patient who has been taking IBUDONE ® regularly and may be physically dependent no longer requires therapy with IBUDONE ®, taper the dose gradually, by 25% to 50% every 2 to 4 days, while monitoring carefully for signs and symptoms of withdrawal. If the patient develops these signs or symptoms, raise the dose to the previous level and taper more slowly, either by increasing the interval between decreases, decreasing the amount of change in dose, or both. Do not abruptly discontinue IBUDONE ® in a physically dependent patient (see WARNINGS: Addiction, Abuse, and Misuse, DRUG ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE) .

Storage

Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].

Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container.

A Schedule CS-II Controlled Substance.