1.1 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

OPSUMIT is an endothelin receptor antagonist (ERA) indicated for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH, WHO Group I) to reduce the risks of disease progression and hospitalization for PAH.

Effectiveness was established in a long-term study in PAH patients with predominantly WHO Functional Class II–III symptoms treated for an average of 2 years. Patients had idiopathic and heritable PAH (57%), PAH caused by connective tissue disorders (31%), and PAH caused by congenital heart disease with repaired shunts (8%) [see Clinical Studies (14.1)] .

2.1 Recommended Dosage

The recommended dosage of OPSUMIT is 10 mg once daily for oral administration. Doses higher than 10 mg once daily have not been studied in patients with PAH and are not recommended.

2.2 Pregnancy Testing in Females of Reproductive Potential

Obtain a pregnancy test in females of reproductive potential prior to OPSUMIT treatment, monthly during treatment and one month after stopping OPSUMIT. Initiate treatment with OPSUMIT in females of reproductive potential only after a negative pregnancy test. [see Boxed Warning, Contraindications (4.1), Warnings and Precautions (5.1), and Use in Specific Populations (8.3)] .

4.1 Pregnancy

OPSUMIT may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. OPSUMIT is contraindicated in females who are pregnant. OPSUMIT was consistently shown to have teratogenic effects when administered to animals. If OPSUMIT is used during pregnancy, advise the patient of the potential risk to a fetus [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Use in Specific Populations (8.1)] .

4.2 Hypersensitivity

OPSUMIT is contraindicated in patients with a history of a hypersensitivity reaction to macitentan or any component of the product [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)] .

5.1 Embryo-fetal Toxicity

OPSUMIT may cause fetal harm when administered during pregnancy and is contraindicated for use in females who are pregnant. In females of reproductive potential, exclude pregnancy prior to initiation of therapy, ensure use of acceptable contraceptive methods and obtain monthly pregnancy tests [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) and Use in Specific Populations (8.1, 8.3)] .

OPSUMIT is available for females through the Macitentan REMS Program, a restricted distribution program [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)] .

5.2 Macitentan REMS Program

For all females, OPSUMIT is available only through a restricted program called the Macitentan REMS Program, because of the risk of embryo-fetal toxicity [see Contraindications (4.1), Warnings and Precautions (5.1), and Use in Specific Populations (8.1, 8.3)] .

Notable requirements of the Macitentan REMS Program include the following:

• Prescribers must be certified with the Macitentan REMS Program by enrolling and completing training.
• All females, regardless of reproductive potential, must enroll in the Macitentan REMS Program prior to initiating OPSUMIT. Male patients are not enrolled in the REMS.
• Females of reproductive potential must comply with the pregnancy testing and contraception requirements [see Use in Specific Populations (8.3)] .
• Pharmacies must be certified with the program and must only dispense to patients who are authorized to receive OPSUMIT.

Further information is available at www.MacitentanREMS.com or 1-888-572-2934. Information on OPSUMIT certified pharmacies or wholesale distributors is available at 1-888-572-2934.

5.3 Hepatotoxicity

ERAs have caused elevations of aminotransferases, hepatotoxicity, and liver failure. The incidence of elevated aminotransferases in the study of OPSUMIT in PAH is shown in Table 1.

In the placebo-controlled study of OPSUMIT, discontinuations for hepatic adverse events were 3.3% in the OPSUMIT 10 mg group vs. 1.6% for placebo.

Obtain liver enzyme tests prior to initiation of OPSUMIT and repeat during treatment as clinically indicated [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)] .

Advise patients to report symptoms suggesting hepatic injury (nausea, vomiting, right upper quadrant pain, fatigue, anorexia, jaundice, dark urine, fever, or itching). If clinically relevant aminotransferase elevations occur, or if elevations are accompanied by an increase in bilirubin >2 × ULN, or by clinical symptoms of hepatotoxicity, discontinue OPSUMIT. Consider re-initiation of OPSUMIT when hepatic enzyme levels normalize in patients who have not experienced clinical symptoms of hepatotoxicity.

5.4 Fluid Retention

Peripheral edema and fluid retention are known clinical consequences of PAH and known effects of ERAs. In the placebo-controlled study of OPSUMIT in PAH, the incidence of edema was 21.9% in the OPSUMIT 10 mg group and 20.5% in the placebo group.

Patients with underlying left ventricular dysfunction may be at particular risk for developing significant fluid retention after initiation of ERA treatment. In a small study of OPSUMIT in patients with pulmonary hypertension because of left ventricular dysfunction, more patients in the OPSUMIT group developed significant fluid retention and had more hospitalizations because of worsening heart failure compared to those randomized to placebo. Postmarketing cases of edema and fluid retention occurring within weeks of starting OPSUMIT, some requiring intervention with a diuretic or hospitalization for decompensated heart failure, have been reported [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)] .

Monitor for signs of fluid retention after OPSUMIT initiation. If clinically significant fluid retention develops, evaluate the patient to determine the cause, such as OPSUMIT or underlying heart failure, and the possible need to discontinue OPSUMIT.

5.5 Hemoglobin Decrease

Decreases in hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit have occurred following administration of other ERAs and were observed in clinical studies with OPSUMIT. These decreases occurred early and stabilized thereafter. In the placebo-controlled study of OPSUMIT in PAH, OPSUMIT 10 mg caused a mean decrease in hemoglobin from baseline to up to 18 months of about 1.0 g/dL compared to no change in the placebo group. A decrease in hemoglobin to below 10.0 g/dL was reported in 8.7% of the OPSUMIT 10 mg group and in 3.4% of the placebo group. Decreases in hemoglobin seldom require transfusion. Initiation of OPSUMIT is not recommended in patients with severe anemia. Measure hemoglobin prior to initiation of treatment and repeat during treatment as clinically indicated [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)] .

5.6 Pulmonary Edema with Pulmonary Veno-occlusive Disease (PVOD)

Should signs of pulmonary edema occur, consider the possibility of associated PVOD. If confirmed, discontinue OPSUMIT.

5.7 Decreased Sperm Counts

OPSUMIT, like other ERAs, may have an adverse effect on spermatogenesis. Counsel men about potential effects on fertility [see Use in Specific Populations (8.3) and Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1)] .

6.1 Clinical Trial Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.

Safety data for OPSUMIT were obtained primarily from one placebo-controlled clinical study in 742 patients with PAH (SERAPHIN study) [see Clinical Studies (14)].

The exposure to OPSUMIT in this trial was up to 3.6 years with a median exposure of about 2 years (N=542 for 1 year; N=429 for 2 years; and N=98 for more than 3 years). The overall incidence of treatment discontinuations because of adverse events was similar across OPSUMIT 10 mg and placebo treatment groups (approximately 11%).

Table 2 presents adverse reactions more frequent on OPSUMIT than on placebo by ≥3%.

6.2 Postmarketing Experience

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of OPSUMIT. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

Immune system disorders: hypersensitivity reactions (angioedema, pruritus and rash)

Vascular disorders: flushing

Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders: nasal congestion

Gastrointestinal disorders: Elevations of liver aminotransferases (ALT, AST) and liver injury have been reported with OPSUMIT use; in most cases alternative causes could be identified (heart failure, hepatic congestion, autoimmune hepatitis). Endothelin receptor antagonists have been associated with elevations of aminotransferases, hepatotoxicity, and cases of liver failure [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)] .

General disorders and administration site conditions: edema/fluid retention. Cases of edema and fluid retention occurred within weeks of starting OPSUMIT, some requiring intervention with a diuretic, fluid management or hospitalization for decompensated heart failure. [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].

Cardiac disorders: symptomatic hypotension

7.1 Strong CYP3A4 Inducers

Strong inducers of CYP3A4 such as rifampin significantly reduce macitentan exposure. Concomitant use of OPSUMIT with strong CYP3A4 inducers should be avoided [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)] .

7.2 Strong CYP3A4 Inhibitors

Concomitant use of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors like ketoconazole approximately double macitentan exposure. Many HIV drugs like ritonavir are strong inhibitors of CYP3A4. Avoid concomitant use of OPSUMIT with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)] . Use other PAH treatment options when strong CYP3A4 inhibitors are needed as part of HIV treatment [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)] .

7.3 Moderate Dual or Combined CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 Inhibitors

Concomitant use of moderate dual inhibitors of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 such as fluconazole is predicted to increase macitentan exposure approximately 4-fold based on physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling. Avoid concomitant use of OPSUMIT with moderate dual inhibitors of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 (such as fluconazole and amiodarone) [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)] .

Concomitant treatment of both a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor and moderate CYP2C9 inhibitor with OPSUMIT should also be avoided [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

8.1 Pregnancy

8.2 Lactation

8.3 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential

8.4 Pediatric Use

The safety and efficacy of OPSUMIT in children have not been established.

8.5 Geriatric Use

Of the total number of subjects in the clinical study of OPSUMIT for PAH, 14% were 65 and over. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between these subjects and younger subjects.

12.1 Mechanism of Action

Endothelin (ET)-1 and its receptors (ET A and ET B) mediate a variety of deleterious effects, such as vasoconstriction, fibrosis, proliferation, hypertrophy, and inflammation. In disease conditions such as PAH, the local ET system is upregulated and is involved in vascular hypertrophy and in organ damage.

Macitentan is an endothelin receptor antagonist that inhibits the binding of ET-1 to both ET A and ET B receptors. Macitentan displays high affinity and sustained occupancy of the ET receptors in human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. One of the metabolites of macitentan is also pharmacologically active at the ET receptors and is estimated to be about 20% as potent as the parent drug in vitro. The clinical impact of dual endothelin blockage is unknown.

12.2 Pharmacodynamics

12.3 Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of macitentan and its active metabolite have been studied primarily in healthy subjects. The pharmacokinetics of macitentan are dose proportional over a range from 1 mg to 30 mg after once daily administration.

A cross study comparison shows that the exposures to macitentan and its active metabolite in patients with PAH are similar to those observed in healthy subjects.

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

13.2 Animal Toxicology

In dogs, macitentan decreased blood pressure at exposures similar to the therapeutic human exposure. Intimal thickening of coronary arteries was observed at 17-fold the human exposure after 4 to 39 weeks of treatment. Due to the species-specific sensitivity and the safety margin, this finding is considered not relevant for humans.

There were no adverse liver findings in long-term studies conducted in mice, rats, and dogs at exposures of 12- to 116-fold the human exposure.

14.1 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

The effect of macitentan on progression of PAH was demonstrated in a multi-center, long-term (average duration of exposure approximately 2 years), placebo-controlled study in 742 patients with symptomatic [WHO functional class (FC) II–IV] PAH who were randomized to placebo (n=250), 3 mg macitentan (n=250), or 10 mg macitentan (n=242) once daily. Patients were treated with OPSUMIT monotherapy or in combination with phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors or inhaled prostanoids.

The primary study endpoint was time to the first occurrence of death, a significant morbidity event, defined as atrial septostomy, lung transplantation, initiation of IV or subcutaneous (SC) prostanoids, or "other worsening of PAH" during double-blind treatment plus 7 days. Other worsening was defined as all of the following: 1) a sustained ≥15% decrease from baseline in 6 minute walk distance (6MWD), 2) worsening of PAH symptoms (worsening of WHO FC), and 3) need for additional treatment for PAH. All of these other worsening events were confirmed by an independent adjudication committee, blinded to treatment allocation. A critical secondary endpoint was time to PAH death or PAH hospitalization.

The mean patient age was 46 years (14% were age 65 or above). Most patients were white (55%) or Asian (29%) and female (77%). Approximately 52%, 46%, and 2% of patients were in WHO FC II, III, and IV, respectively.

Idiopathic or heritable PAH was the most common etiology in the study population (57%) followed by PAH caused by connective tissue disorders (31%), PAH caused by congenital heart disease with repaired shunts (8%), and PAH caused by other etiologies [drugs and toxins (3%) and HIV (1%)].

At baseline, the majority of enrolled patients (64%) were being treated with a stable dose of specific therapy for PAH, either oral phosphodiesterase inhibitors (61%) and/or inhaled/oral prostanoids (6%).

Study results are described for the placebo and OPSUMIT 10 mg groups. The median treatment durations were 101 and 118 weeks in the placebo and OPSUMIT 10 mg groups, respectively, up to a maximum of 188 weeks.

Treatment with OPSUMIT 10 mg resulted in a 45% reduction (HR 0.55, 97.5% CI 0.39–0.76; logrank p<0.0001) in the occurrence of the primary endpoint up to end of double-blind treatment compared to placebo (Table 3 and Figure 2). The beneficial effect of OPSUMIT 10 mg was primarily attributable to a reduction in clinical worsening events (deterioration in 6MWD and worsening of PAH symptoms and need for additional PAH treatment).

Figure 2 Kaplan-Meier Estimates of the Occurrence of the Primary Endpoint Event in the SERAPHIN Study

Subgroup analyses were performed to examine their influence on outcome as shown in Figure 3. Consistent efficacy of OPSUMIT 10 mg on the primary endpoint was seen across subgroups of age, sex, race, etiology, by monotherapy or in combination with another PAH therapy, baseline 6MWD, and baseline WHO FC.

Figure 3 Subgroup Analysis of the SERAPHIN Study

Eo = Number of events OPSUMIT 10 mg; No = Number of patients randomized to OPSUMIT 10 mg
Ep = Number of events placebo; Np = Number of patients randomized to placebo

PAH related death or hospitalization for PAH was assessed as a secondary endpoint. The risk of PAH related death or hospitalization for PAH was reduced by 50% in patients receiving OPSUMIT 10 mg compared to placebo (HR 0.50, 97.5% CI 0.34–0.75; logrank p<0.0001) (Table 4 and Figure 4).

Figure 4 Kaplan-Meier Estimates of the Occurrence of Death due to PAH or Hospitalization for PAH in SERAPHIN

Treatment with OPSUMIT 10 mg resulted in a placebo-corrected mean increase in 6MWD of 22 meters at Month 6 (97.5% CI 3–41; p=0.0078), with significant improvement in 6MWD by Month 3. 6MWD increased more in patients with worse baseline WHO Functional Class (37 meters and 12 meters placebo-corrected mean increase in WHO FC III/IV and FC I/II, respectively). The increase in 6MWD achieved with OPSUMIT was maintained for the duration of the study.

Treatment with OPSUMIT 10 mg led to an improvement of at least one WHO Functional Class at Month 6 in 22% of patients compared to 13% of patients treated with placebo.

Store at 20ºC to 25ºC (68ºF to 77ºF). Excursions are permitted between 15°C and 30°C (59°F and 86°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature].

Keep out of reach of children.

Embryo-Fetal Toxicity

Counsel female patients of reproductive potential about the need to use reliable methods of contraception during treatment with OPSUMIT and for one month after treatment discontinuation. Females of reproductive potential must have monthly pregnancy tests and must use reliable methods of contraception while taking OPSUMIT and for one month after discontinuing OPSUMIT [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)] .

Macitentan REMS Program

For female patients, OPSUMIT is available only through a restricted program called the Macitentan REMS Program [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)] . Male patients are not enrolled in the Macitentan REMS.

Patients may choose one highly effective form of contraception (intrauterine devices (IUD), contraceptive implants or tubal sterilization) or a combination of methods (hormone method with a barrier method or two barrier methods).

Patients should be instructed to contact their physician if they suspect they may be pregnant. Patients should seek additional contraceptive advice from a gynecologist or similar expert as needed.

Inform female patients (and their guardians, if applicable) of the following notable requirements.

• Female patients must sign an enrollment form.
• Female patients of reproductive potential must comply with the pregnancy testing and contraception requirements [see Use in Specific Populations (8.3)] .

Educate and counsel females of reproductive potential on the use of emergency contraception in the event of unprotected sex or contraceptive failure.

Advise pre-pubertal females to report any changes in their reproductive status immediately to her prescriber.

Review the Medication Guide and REMS educational materials with female patients.

Lactation

Advise women not to breastfeed during treatment with OPSUMIT [see Use in Specific Population (8.2)] .

Hepatotoxicity

Some members of this pharmacological class are hepatotoxic. Educate patients on signs of hepatotoxicity. Advise patients that they should contact their doctor if they have unexplained nausea, vomiting, right upper quadrant pain, fatigue, anorexia, jaundice, dark urine, fever, or itching.

Fluid Retention

Educate patients on signs of fluid retention. Advise patients that they should contact their doctor if they have unusual weight increase or swelling of the ankles or legs.