Introduction

Roflumilast is a phosphodiesterase (PDE) type 4 inhibitor.

Uses for Roflumilast (Topical)

Plaque Psoriasis

Roflumilast is indicated for topical treatment of plaque psoriasis, including intertriginous areas, in patients 12 years of age and older. Guidelines for the management of psoriasis with topical and alternative agents state that topical agents are most often used for patients with mild to moderate disease; recommendations are not provided for use of roflumilast, which was approved after publication of the guideline.

Roflumilast (Topical) Dosage and Administration

General

Pretreatment Screening

• Prior to initiating roflumilast, evaluate patients for presence of hepatic dysfunction; roflumilast is contraindicated in patients with moderate (Child-Pugh class B) or severe (Child-Pugh class C) hepatic impairment.

Other General Considerations

• In patients who are breastfeeding, use roflumilast on the smallest area of skin and for the shortest duration possible to minimize potential exposure to the breastfed infant via breast milk. Advise breastfeeding patients not to apply roflumilast directly to the nipple or areola to avoid direct infant exposure.

Administration

Oral Administration

For topical use only. Not for ophthalmic, oral, or intravaginal use. Rub in cream completely until no longer visible on skin. Wash hands after application, unless roflumilast is for treatment of the hands.

Dosage

Pediatric Patients

Plaque Psoriasis

Topical

Pediatric patients ≥12 years of age: Apply once daily to affected areas, including intertriginous areas.

Adults

Plaque Psoriasis

Topical

Apply once daily to affected areas, including intertriginous areas.

Special Populations

Hepatic Impairment

Contraindicated in moderate (Child-Pugh class B) or severe (Child-Pugh class C) hepatic impairment.

Renal Impairment

No specific dosage recommendations.

Geriatric Patients

No dosage adjustment necessary; however, greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out.

Contraindications

• Moderate to severe liver impairment (Child-Pugh B or C).

Warnings/Precautions

Specific Populations

Pregnancy

No adequate human data available on roflumilast use in pregnancy. In animal studies, oral roflumilast administered during the period of organogenesis produced no fetal structural abnormalities at doses up to 9 and 8 times the maximum recommended human dose. Do not use roflumilast during labor and delivery; animal studies showed that oral roflumilast disrupted the labor and delivery process in mice.

Lactation

No data regarding the presence of roflumilast in human milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production.

Excreted into milk of lactating rats and therefore, likely to be present in human milk. Consider the developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding along with the mother's clinical need for roflumilast and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant or from the underlying maternal condition.

To minimize potential exposure to the breastfed infant via breast milk, use on the smallest area of skin and for the shortest duration possible while breastfeeding. To avoid direct infant exposure, advise breastfeeding patients not to apply roflumilast directly to the nipple and areola.

Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness established in pediatric patients ages 12 years and older for the treatment of plaque psoriasis.

Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of 12 years have not been established.

Geriatric Use

In clinical trials, 106 subjects with psoriasis exposed to roflumilast or vehicle were 65 years of age or older. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness observed between older subjects and younger subjects, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out.

Hepatic Impairment

The AUC and C_max values of roflumilast and roflumilast N-oxide were increased in subjects with moderate (Child-Pugh B) hepatic impairment when roflumilast was orally administered. Contraindicated in patients with moderate to severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh B or C).

Renal Impairment

Topical roflumilast has not been evaluated in patients with renal impairment. No clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of roflumilast or its roflumilast N-oxide metabolite observed in patients with severe renal impairment following oral administration.

Common Adverse Effects

Adverse effects reported in ≥1% of patients with plaque psoriasis in clinical studies and with an incidence exceeding that of vehicle include diarrhea, headache, insomnia, application site pain, upper respiratory tract infections, and urinary tract infections.

General

Pretreatment Screening

• Prior to initiating roflumilast, evaluate patients for presence of hepatic dysfunction; roflumilast is contraindicated in patients with moderate (Child-Pugh class B) or severe (Child-Pugh class C) hepatic impairment.

Other General Considerations

• In patients who are breastfeeding, use roflumilast on the smallest area of skin and for the shortest duration possible to minimize potential exposure to the breastfed infant via breast milk. Advise breastfeeding patients not to apply roflumilast directly to the nipple or areola to avoid direct infant exposure.

Administration

Oral Administration

For topical use only. Not for ophthalmic, oral, or intravaginal use. Rub in cream completely until no longer visible on skin. Wash hands after application, unless roflumilast is for treatment of the hands.

Dosage

Pediatric Patients

Plaque Psoriasis

Topical

Pediatric patients ≥12 years of age: Apply once daily to affected areas, including intertriginous areas.

Adults

Plaque Psoriasis

Topical

Apply once daily to affected areas, including intertriginous areas.

Special Populations

Hepatic Impairment

Contraindicated in moderate (Child-Pugh class B) or severe (Child-Pugh class C) hepatic impairment.

Renal Impairment

No specific dosage recommendations.

Geriatric Patients

No dosage adjustment necessary; however, greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out.

Extensive metabolism via Phase 1 CYP enzyme and Phase II conjugation reactions. In vitro, metabolized by CYP1A2 and CYP3A4. N-oxide metabolite only major metabolite observed in human plasma. Therapeutic plasma concentrations of roflumilast and its N-oxide metabolite do not inhibit CYP1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, 3A4/5, or 4A9/11; therefore, interactions with these enzymes unlikely. In vitro, no induction of CYP1A2, 2A6, 2C9, 2C19, or 3A4/5, and only weak induction of CYP2B6.

No formal drug interaction studies conducted with topical roflumilast.

Drugs Affecting Hepatic Microsomal Enzymes

Inhibitors of CYP3A4 and CYP1A2: Based on drug interaction studies, the coadministration of roflumilast with systemic CYP3A4 inhibitors or dual inhibitors that inhibit both CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 simultaneously (e.g., erythromycin, ketoconazole, fluvoxamine, enoxacin, cimetidine) may increase roflumilast systemic exposure and can result in increased adverse effects of roflumilast. Weigh the risks of concurrent use of roflumilast against the potential benefits.

Specific Drugs and Foods