5.1 Flammability

The propellant in AMZEEQ is flammable. Instruct the patient to avoid fire, flame, and smoking during and immediately following application. Do not puncture and/or incinerate the containers. Do not expose containers to heat and/or store at temperatures above 120°F (49°C).

5.2 Teratogenic Effects

Minocycline, like other tetracycline-class drugs, may inhibit bone growth when administered orally during pregnancy. Based on animal data, when administered orally, tetracyclines cross the placenta, are found in fetal tissues, and can cause skeletal malformation and retardation of skeletal development on the developing fetus [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1) and Nonclinical Toxicology (13)].

5.3 Tooth Discoloration

The use of tetracycline class drugs orally during tooth development (second and third trimesters of pregnancy, infancy, and childhood up to the age of 8 years) may cause permanent discoloration of the teeth (yellow-gray-brown). This adverse reaction is more common during long-term oral use of the tetracycline but has been observed following repeated short-term courses. Enamel hypoplasia has also been reported with oral tetracycline drugs. Use of tetracycline drugs is not recommended during tooth development.

The safety and effectiveness of AMZEEQ have not been established in pediatric patients less than 9 years of age.

5.4 Inhibition of Bone Growth

All tetracyclines form a stable calcium complex in any bone-forming tissue. A decrease in fibula growth rate has been observed in premature human infants given oral tetracycline in doses of 25 mg/kg every 6 hours. This reaction was shown to be reversible when the drug was discontinued. The safety and effectiveness of AMZEEQ have not been established in patients less than 9 years of age [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1, 8.4)].

Results of animal studies indicate that oral tetracyclines cross the placenta, are found in fetal tissues, and can cause retardation of skeletal development on the developing fetus. Evidence of embryotoxicity has been noted in animals treated orally early in pregnancy [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].

5.5 Clostridioides difficile Associated Diarrhea

Clostridioides difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with nearly all antibacterial agents, including oral minocycline, and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon leading to overgrowth of C. difficile.

C. difficile produces toxins A and B which contribute to the development of CDAD. Hypertoxin producing strains of C. difficile cause increased morbidity and mortality, as these infections can be refractory to antimicrobial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea following antibiotic use. Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over two months after the administration of antibacterial agents.

If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, antibiotic use not directed against C. difficile may need to be discontinued. Appropriate fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibiotic treatment of C. difficile, and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated.

5.6 Hepatotoxicity

Post-marketing cases of serious liver injury, including irreversible drug-induced hepatitis and fulminant hepatic failure (sometimes fatal) have been reported with oral minocycline use in the treatment of acne.

5.7 Metabolic Effects

The anti-anabolic action of the tetracyclines may cause an increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN). In patients with significantly impaired function, higher serum levels of tetracycline-class drugs may lead to azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, and acidosis. If renal impairment exists, recommended oral or parenteral doses may lead to excessive systemic accumulations of the drug and possible liver toxicity. Under such conditions, adjust the dose downward, and if therapy is prolonged, serum level determinations of the drug may be advisable.

5.8 Central Nervous System Effects

Central nervous system side effects including light-headedness, dizziness or vertigo have been reported with oral minocycline therapy. Patients who experience these symptoms should be cautioned about driving vehicles or using hazardous machinery while on minocycline therapy. These symptoms may disappear during therapy and may disappear when the drug is discontinued.

5.9 Intracranial Hypertension

Intracranial hypertension has been associated with the use of tetracycline-class drugs. Clinical manifestations of intracranial hypertension include headache, blurred vision, diplopia and vision loss; papilledema can be found on fundoscopy. Women of childbearing age who are overweight or have a history of IH are at a greater risk for developing intracranial hypertension. Patients should be questioned for visual disturbances prior to initiation of treatment with tetracyclines. Concomitant use of isotretinoin and tetracycline should be avoided because isotretinoin, a systemic retinoid, is also known to cause intracranial hypertension.

Although intracranial hypertension typically resolves after discontinuation of treatment, the possibility for permanent visual loss exists. If visual disturbance occurs during treatment, prompt ophthalmologic evaluation is warranted. Because intracranial pressure can remain elevated for weeks after drug cessation, patients should be monitored until they stabilize.

5.10 Autoimmune Syndromes

Tetracyclines have been associated with the development of autoimmune syndromes. The long-term use of oral minocycline in the treatment of acne has been associated with drug-induced lupus-like syndrome, autoimmune hepatitis and vasculitis. Sporadic cases of serum sickness have presented shortly after oral minocycline use. Symptoms may be manifested by fever, rash, arthralgia, and malaise. In symptomatic patients, immediately discontinue the use of all tetracycline-class drugs, including AMZEEQ.

5.11 Photosensitivity

Photosensitivity manifested by an exaggerated sunburn reaction has been observed in some individuals taking oral tetracyclines; this reaction has been reported less frequently with minocycline. Although AMZEEQ did not induce phototoxicity or photoallergic responses in human dermal safety studies, patients should minimize or avoid exposure to natural or artificial sunlight (tanning beds or UVA/B treatment) while using minocycline. If patients need to be outdoors while using AMZEEQ, they should wear loose-fitting clothes that protect skin from sun exposure and discuss other sun protection measures with their physician. Advise patients to discontinue treatment with AMZEEQ at the first evidence of sunburn.

5.12 Serious Skin/Hypersensitivity Reaction

Cases of anaphylaxis, serious skin reactions (e.g. Stevens Johnson syndrome), erythema multiforme, and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome have been reported postmarketing with oral minocycline use in patients with acne. DRESS syndrome consists of cutaneous reaction (such as rash or exfoliative dermatitis), eosinophilia, and one or more of the following visceral complications such as: hepatitis, pneumonitis, nephritis, myocarditis, and pericarditis. Fever and lymphadenopathy may be present. In some cases, death has been reported with oral minocycline use. If this syndrome is recognized, discontinue AMZEEQ immediately.

5.13 Tissue Hyperpigmentation

Oral tetracyclines are known to cause hyperpigmentation. Tetracycline therapy may induce hyperpigmentation in many organs, including nails, bone, skin, eyes, thyroid, visceral tissue, oral cavity (teeth, mucosa, alveolar bone), sclerae and heart valves. Skin and oral pigmentation has been reported to occur independently of time or amount of drug administration, whereas other tissue pigmentation has been reported to occur upon prolonged administration. Skin pigmentation includes diffuse pigmentation as well as pigmentation over sites of scars or injury.

5.14 Development of Drug-Resistant Bacteria

AMZEEQ has not been evaluated in the treatment of infections. Bacterial resistance to the tetracyclines may develop in patients using AMZEEQ, therefore, the susceptibility of bacteria associated with infection should be considered in selecting antimicrobial therapy. Because of the potential for drug-resistant bacteria to develop during the use of AMZEEQ, it should be used only as indicated.

5.15 Superinfection/Potential for Microbial Overgrowth

Use of AMZEEQ may result in overgrowth of non-susceptible organisms, including fungi. If superinfection occurs, discontinue AMZEEQ and institute appropriate therapy.

6.1 Clinical Trials Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

In 3 randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled trials, subjects age 9 years and older applied AMZEEQ or vehicle once daily for 12 weeks. A total of 1,356 subjects were treated with AMZEEQ and 1,058 with vehicle. The majority of subjects were White (74%) and female (60%). Approximately 34% were Hispanic/Latino and 49% were younger than 18 years of age.

The most common adverse reaction reported by ≥1% of subjects treated with AMZEEQ and more frequently than in subjects treated with vehicle was headache, which was reported in 3% of subjects treated with AMZEEQ and 2% of subjects treated with vehicle.

Local tolerability evaluations were conducted at each study visit in the clinical trial by assessment of erythema, dryness, hyperpigmentation, skin peeling and itching. Table 1 presents the active assessment of the signs and symptoms of local facial tolerability at Week 12 in subjects treated with AMZEEQ.

Local tolerability signs and symptoms occurred in similar frequency and severity as subjects treated with the vehicle component of AMZEEQ.

In a 40-week open-label extension safety study (for a total of up to 52 weeks of treatment), frequency and severity of local tolerability signs and symptoms at Week 52 were comparable to those reported at Week 12.

7.1 Anticoagulants

Because tetracyclines have been shown to depress plasma prothrombin activity, patients who are on anticoagulant therapy may require downward adjustment of their anticoagulant dosage.

7.2 Penicillin

Since bacteriostatic drugs may interfere with the bactericidal action of penicillin, it is advisable to avoid giving tetracycline-class drugs in conjunction with penicillin.

7.3 Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions

False elevations of urinary catecholamine levels may occur due to interference with the fluorescence test.

8.1 Pregnancy

Risk Summary

Available data with AMZEEQ use in pregnant women are insufficient to evaluate for a drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage or other adverse maternal or fetal outcomes. Systemic absorption of AMZEEQ in humans is low following once daily topical administration of AMZEEQ for 21 days [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. Because of low systemic exposure, it is not expected that maternal use of AMZEEQ will result in significant fetal exposure to the drug.

Tetracycline-class drugs may cause permanent discoloration of teeth and reversible inhibition of bone growth when administered orally during pregnancy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2, 5.3, 5.4) and Use in Specific Populations (8.4)].

Animal reproduction studies were not conducted with AMZEEQ. In animal reproduction studies, oral administration of minocycline administered to pregnant rats and rabbits during the period of organogenesis induced skeletal malformations in fetuses at systemic exposures of 750 and 500 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD; based on AUC comparison) of AMZEEQ (see Data).

The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2-4% and 15-20%, respectively.

Data

Animal Data

Results of animal studies indicate that tetracyclines cross the placenta, are found in fetal tissues, and can cause retardation of skeletal development of the developing fetus [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].

Minocycline induced skeletal malformations (bent limb bones) in fetuses when orally administered to pregnant rats and rabbits during the period of organogenesis at doses of 30 mg/kg/day and 100 mg/kg/day, respectively, (750 and 500 times, respectively, the systemic exposure at the MRHD based on AUC comparison). Reduced mean fetal body weight was observed when minocycline was orally administered to pregnant rats during the period of organogenesis at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day (250 times the systemic exposure at the MRHD based on AUC comparison).

Minocycline was assessed for effects on peri- and post-natal development of rats in a study that involved oral administration to pregnant rats during the period of organogenesis through lactation, at doses of 5, 10, or 50 mg/kg/day. In this study, body weight gain was significantly reduced in pregnant females that received 50 mg/kg/day (650 times the systemic exposure at the MRHD based on AUC comparison). No effects of treatment on the duration of the gestation period or the number of live pups born per litter were observed. Gross external anomalies observed in F1 pups (offspring of animals that received oral minocycline) included reduced body size, improperly rotated forelimbs, and reduced size of extremities. No effects were observed on the physical development, behavior, learning ability, or reproduction of F1 pups, and there was no effect on gross appearance of F2 pups (offspring of F1 animals).

8.2 Lactation

Risk Summary

Tetracycline-class drugs, including minocycline, are present in breast milk following oral administration. It is not known whether minocycline is present in human milk after topical administration to the nursing mother. There are no data on the effects of minocycline on milk production. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions, advise patients that breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with AMZEEQ [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].

8.4 Pediatric Use

The safety and effectiveness of AMZEEQ have been established in pediatric patients 9 years of age and older for the treatment of inflammatory lesions of non-nodular moderate to severe acne vulgaris. Use of AMZEEQ for this indication is supported by three adequate and well controlled 12-week trials in patients 9 years of age and older; two of the trials included a 40-week open-label extension. Additional data was obtained from a 7-day open-label safety and pharmacokinetics study conducted in 20 patients 10 years to less than 17 years of age with acne vulgaris [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) and Clinical Studies (14)]. A total of 686 subjects 9 years of age and older received AMZEEQ in these clinical trials.

Safety and effectiveness for this indication have not been established in pediatric patients less than 9 years of age. The use of oral tetracycline drugs during tooth development below the age of 8 years may cause permanent discoloration of the teeth (yellow-gray-brown) and inhibition of bone growth [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2, 5.3)].

8.5 Geriatric Use

Clinical studies of AMZEEQ did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 years and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients.

12.1 Mechanism of Action

The mechanism of action of AMZEEQ for the treatment of acne is unknown.

12.2 Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of AMZEEQ for the treatment of acne are unknown.

12.3 Pharmacokinetics

In a pharmacokinetic study, male and female subjects 18 years of age or older with acne vulgaris (N=30) applied approximately 4 grams of AMZEEQ topically to the face, neck, upper chest, upper back, shoulder and upper arms once daily for 21 days. The mean ± SD Cmax and AUC0-24h were 1.3 ± 0.6 ng/mL and 23.0 ± 10.8 ng·h/mL, respectively at Day 21 for AMZEEQ. After daily application of AMZEEQ in subjects with acne for 21 days, steady-state was reached by Day 6 and systemic accumulation of minocycline was not evident.

Specific Populations

Age: Pediatric Population

Pharmacokinetics of minocycline was evaluated in 20 subjects 10 years to less than 17 years of age with acne vulgaris following application of approximately 4 grams of AMZEEQ topically to the face, neck, upper chest, upper back, shoulder and upper arms once daily for 7 days. Minocycline was detected in all samples obtained on Day 7. Pharmacokinetic results are presented by age group in Table 2. The overall pediatric population showed 2.4-fold and 2.7-fold higher Cmax and AUC0-24h compared to the adult population.

12.4 Microbiology

Resistance

Propionibacterium acnes strains displayed a low propensity for the development of resistance to minocycline, with spontaneous mutation frequencies being <10−8 at 2 to 16 × MIC.

Antimicrobial Activity

Minocycline is active in vitro against most isolates of Propionibacterium acnes; however, the clinical significance is unknown.

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

In a carcinogenicity study in which minocycline hydrochloride was orally administered to male and female rats once daily for up to 104 weeks at dosages up to 200 mg/kg/day, minocycline hydrochloride was associated in both sexes with follicular cell tumors of the thyroid gland, including increased incidences of adenomas, carcinomas and the combined incidence of adenomas and carcinomas in males, and adenomas and the combined incidence of adenomas and carcinomas in females. In a carcinogenicity study in which minocycline hydrochloride was orally administered to male and female mice once daily for up to 104 weeks at dosages up to 150 mg/kg/day, exposure to minocycline hydrochloride did not result in a significantly increased incidence of neoplasms in either males or females.

Minocycline was not mutagenic in vitro in a bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test) or CHO/HGPRT mammalian cell assay in the presence or absence of metabolic activation. Minocycline was not clastogenic in vitro using human peripheral blood lymphocytes or in vivo in a mouse micronucleus test.

Male and female reproductive performance in rats was unaffected by oral doses of minocycline of up to 300 mg/kg/day (10,000 times the systemic exposure at the MRHD based on AUC comparison). However, oral administration of 100 or 300 mg/kg/day of minocycline to male rats (3,800 or 10,000 times, respectively, the systemic exposure at the MRHD based on AUC comparison), adversely affected spermatogenesis.

Effects observed at 300 mg/kg/day of oral minocycline included a reduced number of sperm cells per gram of epididymis, an apparent reduction in the percentage of sperm that were motile, and (at 100 and 300 mg/kg/day) increased numbers of morphologically abnormal sperm cells. Morphological abnormalities observed in sperm samples included absent heads, misshapen heads, and abnormal flagella.